Monitoring antisemitism
Qualitative and comparable data is essential in countering antisemitism. The European Union collects mainly through the EU’s Fundamental Rights Agency EU-wide data on antisemitic hate crimes and incidents, as well as the the perspective of Jewish communities as the one affected by antisemitism.
Since 2022, the Austrian Federal Ministry annually convens the ‘European Conference on antisemitism’ that unites EU coordinators and special envoys, Jewish communities and members of the European Commission working group on hate crime that is faciliated by the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) facilitates. The conference aims at developing a standardized methodology for recording of antisemitic incidents, an action featured in the EU Strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life. To date, special envoys and coordinators from 13 EU Member States (AT, BG, DE, CZ, ES, HR, HU, IT, LV, LU, NL, ROM, SK) have joint the avant-guard group to develop the methodology by signing the Vienna Declaration denouncing antisemitism, highlighting the threat to our democracy, promoting knowledge sharing and developing a common methodology for recording antisemitic incidents.
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The rise of antisemitism online during the pandemic
The findings of the study on The rise of antisemitism online during the pandemic. A study of French and German content commissioned by the European Commission and conducted by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), comparing the first two months of 2020 with the first two of 2021, show a seven-fold increase in antisemitic content on Twitter, Facebook and Telegram in French, and over a thirteen-fold increase in antisemitic content in German.
Antisemitic content in French on Facebook was also engaged with through likes, comments and shares over half a million times between 1 January 2020 and 8 March 2021. Content in French received over three million retweets and likes on Twitter. Antisemitic content in German on Telegram was viewed over two billion times in the same period. The study also found a proliferation of ‘grey area’ content, which likely did not contravene legal thresholds around hate speech or Holocaust denial in France or Germany, but which nonetheless has the potential to be harmful.
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Digital violent right-wing extremist content
The Commission published on 22 July 2021 a study entitled Heroes and scapegoats: Right-wing extremism in digital environments. The study focusses on the different aspects of digital violent right-wing extremist (VRWE) content, i.e., textual or visual messages that express acceptance, condoning, justification or acclamation of violence for the sake of a radical nationalistic ideal. The study, among other groups, focusses thereby on Jews as a target of VRWE.
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Antisemitic hate crimes and hate incidents in the EU
Overview of data available in the European Union 2011 – 2021
The Annual FRA report provides an overview of available data on antisemitism as recorded by official and unofficial sources in the EU Member States as well as Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia. The data provided by the countries are supplemented with information from international organisations. All data presented in the report are based on the respective countries’ own definitions and categorisations of antisemitism. An increasing number of countries are using the working definition of antisemitism developed by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA).
Evidence that FRA collects shows consistently that hate crime incidents, including those of an antisemitic nature, are inadequately reported. This is coupled with a great hesitancy among victims to report incidents to the authorities or other bodies.
This report presents the available statistics for the calendar year 2021. In addition to presenting the legal and policy framework related to combating antisemitism in the EU, this report includes summary overviews of the state of play of national strategies and action plans to combat antisemitism and foster Jewish life. This report also provides an overview of the extent to which Member States have endorsed the non-legally binding IHRA working definition of antisemitism and how they (intend to) use it.
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Perspectives of Jewish Europeans on antisemitism
Upon request of the European Commission, the Fundamental Rights Agency conducted a survey on Jewish people’s experiences with hate crime, discrimination and antisemitism in the European Union – the biggest survey of Jewish people ever conducted worldwide. Covering 12 EU Member States, which are home to 95% of European Jewish population, the survey reached almost 16,500 individuals who identify as being Jewish.
Nine in 10 (89 %) Jews consider that antisemitism has increased in their country, with more than eight in 10 (85 %) considering it to be a serious problem. Jews around Europe rate antisemitism as the biggest social or political problem where they live.
They assess antisemitism as being most problematic on the internet and on social media (89 %), followed by public spaces (73 %), media (71 %) and in political life (70 %). The most common antisemitic statements Jews come across – and on a regular basis – include that “Israelis behave like Nazis toward Palestinians” (51 %), that “Jews have too much power” (43 %) and that “Jews exploit Holocaust victimhood for their own purposes” (35 %). Respondents most commonly come across such statements online (80 %), followed by media other than the internet (56 %) and at political events (48 %).
The survey showed that hundreds of Jews personally experienced an antisemitic physical attack. More than one in four (28 %) experienced antisemitic harassment at least once. Nearly half of them worried about being subjected to antisemitic verbal insults or harassment (47 %), and four in 10 worried about an antisemitic physical attack (40 %).
One in three (34 %) respondents avoid visiting Jewish events or sites because they do not feel safe as Jews when there or on their way there. More than one third considered emigrating (38 %) in the five years preceding the survey because they did not feel safe as Jews in the country where they live.
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Specific impact on young Jewish Europeans
Young Jewish Europeans: perceptions and experiences of antisemitism
In many respects, young Jewish Europeans hold the keys to the future of Jewish life in Europe, as well as to the possibility of creating and maintaining a unique European form of Judaism and to the potential of bringing the best of Jewish tradition, culture and insight to help build the Europe of tomorrow. The decisions they take – not least, whether to remain in Europe and be part of the project to strengthen it, or to leave Europe out of fears for their safety as Jews – will speak volumes about the nature of Europe and its ability to absorb and respect cultural difference.
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General population perception of antisemitism
Special Eurobarometer 484 - Perceptions of antisemitism (January 2019)
Perceptions of antisemitism - Factsheets (Eurobarometer 2019)
A Eurobarometer survey on Antisemitism conducted face-to-face interviews with 27,643 people in 28 Member and respondents were asked about their perception of Antisemitism.
While every other European considers Antisemitism to be a problem in their country, 4 in 10 Europeans actually do not consider it to be an issue in their country. There are significant differences in perception among Member States. People saying that Antisemitism is a problem is highest in countries with significant Jewish communities, and where physical attacks against the Jewish community have taken place, including Sweden, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, UK, and Belgium. Swedish (81%) and French (72%) respondents are the most likely to say that Antisemitism is a problem in their country. Both countries stand out with heightened perception throughout the survey. Europeans with Jewish friends and acquaintances are more likely to be aware of the issues as well as increase in Antisemitism, as well as those who belong to a minority themselves.
Only 3% of Europeans feel ‘very well informed' about Jewish history, customs and practices, and 68% say they are ‘not informed' at all. The majority of Europeans (61%) know that there is a legislation criminalising incitement to violence or hatred against Jewish people in their country. Significantly less are aware of legislation criminalising Holocaust denial (42%).
Holocaust denial is perceived as being a problem in their country by about half of Europeans (53%). On average, only 4 in 10 Europeans think the Holocaust is sufficiently taught in schools. Among people who finished their education earlier, this is only 3 in 10.The shorter the formal education, the more people feel it is not sufficiently taught.
Research on antisemitism
The creation of a European research hub in contemporary antisemitism and Jewish life and culture, is a flagship action of the Strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life (2021-2030), in cooperation with the EU Member States and the research community. In preparation, the Commission published an independent expert report 'The field of research on contemporary antisemitism and Jewish life - Working towards a European research hub'. The report confirms the necessity of such a research hub and maps the current field of research on contemporary antisemitism and Jewish life. It determines how the hub might support and enhance research in the field, and makes key recommendations for structuring and building the hub.