Plain language alternatives
The main problem for anybody working in the EU environment is realising what counts as jargon. This includes staff in the institutions and writers in the private sector who tend to reuse the jargon from the EU source texts.
Working in the EU environment can make you jargon-blind. You might recognise e.g. ‘subsidiarity’ or ‘countervailing duties’ as technical jargon - but EU language is full of many less obvious jargon terms, influenced especially by legal/diplomatic terminology. For example, when did you last negotiate your accession to a gym or sports club, or go on holiday to a third country?
Additionally, in English - the original language of most web texts - there is the extra problem of false friends, mostly from French.
Find plain language alternatives to common EU jargon in our A-Z table of jargon and false friends below.
If there is no plain language alternative, then explain the jargon or technical term the first time you use it on the page.
A to Z – jargon and false friends
As a general principle use plain English when writing for the European Commission website. The following list provides alternatives for
Unclear names for EU‑related concepts
accession | joining membership entry |
ACP countries | Africa and the Caribbean and Pacific regions |
acquis | EU law (the body of laws that countries wishing to join the EU must transpose into their national legislation) EU rules |
active labour‑market policies | job‑creation schemes/measures measures to help the unemployed back to work |
adding value to | enhancing supplementing |
additionality | additional funding rule or change the perspective: national matching funds supplement rather than replace national funding |
administrative capacity | sufficient (administrative) staff and skills to … (implement projects) |
aquaculture | Bigger than ‘fish farming’, which is the term most people are familiar with. Includes the farming of fish, shellfish and algae. Aquaculture unexplained may be acceptable in specialist texts, though it cannot hurt to be explicit about what it covers. In texts for the general public, definitely add an explanation. Even if fish farming doesn’t accurately describe the whole sector, it represents a large percentage of it, so this loose label might be permissible for communication purposes in some contexts. |
autonomous trade measures | duty-free access to EU markets |
budget (allocated to etc.), budgetary | spend or spending the EU subsidises/supports X to the tune of |
budget support | direct financial transfers to a government (part of development aid) |
Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA) European Political Strategy Centre (EPSC) | the Commission's top policy advisers |
calls for proposals | Call for proposals is the proper term, but it might need more explanation depending on the target audience
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candidate country |
Some candidates then move on to formal membership (accession) negotiations / the formal pre-membership process of negotiation and reform (adopting established EU law).
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CAP / common agricultural policy | (Depending on context and target audience)
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citizens | Bit of a false friend from French citoyen and overused in English texts. Calls to mind administrative procedures to become a citizen of another country.
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Citizens’ Initiative |
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civil society | Consider being more specific if possible.
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cohesion |
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cohesion fund(ing) |
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College | (body or group of) Commissioners. The Commissioners acting as a group. |
comitology (procedure) |
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Commission | if necessary, add some explanation, e.g.
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Committee of the Regions | needs explanation, e.g.
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common | "Common" is over-used in Commission texts, due to the influence of French. In many cases, it is not the most apt term for what it is describing - other alternatives are clearer:
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commonalities | shared or common aspects/themes/goals |
common organisation of the market / CMO / common market organisations |
Never CMO |
Communication (document) | needs explanation about what it really contains, e.g.
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Community |
(unless the legal difference between the Communities and the Union absolutely has to be made clear) |
compatible with the single market |
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competence (competencies) |
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competition | Restricting competition or unfair competition is abstract and also the wrong perspective (a positive policy aspiration, not the actual practice). Much more concrete to say something like: monopolies & mergers, price-fixing, (unfair) subsidies |
competitiveness |
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concordance (multilingual) | agreement (or consistency) between language versions |
convergence criteria |
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Council (of ministers) | Depending on context and target audience. Non-experts don’t know what the Council of ministers is.
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cross‑border |
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customs union | needs explanation:
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Decision (Regulation, Directive) | These are specific types of legislation, which experts will know and understand. For the general public, laws or rules is probably enough. But ask yourself whether extra information would be useful to the reader:
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decoupled (payments, i.e. farm subsidies) |
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delegated acts | needs explanation:
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Delegation, Representation |
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deliverables |
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de minimis aid | needs explanation for non-experts:
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(most) deprived | poorest | |
derogation |
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DG Competition/other DGs | when mentioning DGs, consider explaining what they do or better explaining their role | |
Directive (Regulation, Decision) | These are specific types of legislation, which experts will know and understand. For the general public, laws or rules is probably enough. But ask yourself whether extra information would be useful to the reader:
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Directorate-General (DG) | Use only when referring to a specific one, and even then, only when the audience needs to know or is likely to know the title. |
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) | very abstract, essentially just the euronever use just EMU |
enlargement | Process whereby countries join the EU. In texts for non‑specialists, use something more natural‑sounding such as:
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EURES |
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Europe (as a synonym for EU) | In general texts, Europe can usually be used, so that you don’t have to repeat EU all the time. But when talking about statistics or the scope of EU law, you have to be accurate. So use EU if what is meant is the countries that are members of the European Union. |
European Citizens’ Initiative |
initiative allowing the public to petition the Commission directly on specific issues. Good to use the word petition somewhere, since this is essentially what it is. |
EuropeAid (cooperation office) | the EU’s development aid office |
European Commission | for non-experts add some explanation, e.g.:
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European construction |
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European Council | (depending on context and target audience)
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European Political Strategy Centre (EPSC)predecessor: Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA) | the Commission's top policy advisers |
European semester | needs explanation:
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European social model | needs explanation:
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Europe 2020 | for non-experts add explanation:
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EU-10 | only in statistical tables, but even then add an explanation
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EU-15 | only in statistical tables, but even then add an explanation
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EU-25 | only in statistical tables, but even then add an explanation
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EU-28 | only in statistical tables, but even then add an explanation
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ex ante |
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excessive deficit procedure | needs explanation:
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external action | foreign policy |
external relations | relations with partner countries / the outside world |
fisheries |
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flexicurity | needs explanation:
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free circulation (on the EU market) | are or can be freely sold throughout the EU |
freedom of establishment | Explain for non-experts:
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free movement of workers (e.g. promoting this in the EU) | helping workers to find jobs in another EU country |
frontier worker |
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fundamental freedoms (etc.) | democratic values and practices |
green paper | needs explanation:
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heads of state and government | EU leaders |
hierarchical superior |
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High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy | (depending on context)
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human capital (investment in …) | (depending on context and target audience)
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human capital development | training for staff |
intergovernmental conference |
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IUU fishing | illegal fishing (acronym stands for Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated) |
Lisbon strategy/agenda | risk of confusion with Lisbon treaty, add or replace with an explanatory phrase, e.g.:
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mainstreaming | Refers to the process of taking into account goals such as gender‑equality & climate‑protection when developing programmes, laws, etc. that at first glance might seem unrelated.
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Member States | In all contexts except the most legal, we recommend:
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methodologies | often methods is all that is meant |
millennium development goals |
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mission | Ask yourself if you can’t use a more specific term:
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mobility | In English, this not‑so‑common term makes one think of, say, the physical ability to walk. More natural‑sounding alternatives include:
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mobile jobseekers | people looking for work outside their home region/country |
modalities |
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monetary stability | stable prices (i.e. low inflation and reduced external currency shocks) |
multiannual financial framework (MFF) | needs explanation:
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multilingualism | Ask yourself if it’s not clearer to say what is really meant, e.g.:
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negative evolution (of the economy) |
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(European) Neighbourhood policy | needs explanation:
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OLAF | Add an explanation:
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Permanent Representative | (top) EU diplomat |
Presidency (of the council) | for non-EU-experts explain or use alternative:
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programming |
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proportionality | add explanation for non-EU-experts:
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provisions |
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public procurement | from contractor’s perspective:
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rapid alert | early warning |
reflection group |
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Regulation (Directive, Decision) | These are specific types of legislation, which experts will know and understand. For the general public, laws or rules is probably enough. But ask yourself whether extra information would be useful to the reader:
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Representation, Delegation |
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Research framework programme (e.g. 7th research framework programme / FP7) |
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roaming | (depending on target audience)
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Schengen area | for non-experts add explanation:
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‘Six pack’ | needs explanation, e.g.:
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Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) | In most cases, you can use small businesses instead. Note that even the Commission is using the term in legislation (see Small Business Act). Use SMEs only if your readers will likely know it so well that they search for it. Even then, work alternative terms into your text:
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social dialogue | For non-experts:
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social enterprise | needs explanation:
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social partners | for non-experts:
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solidarity |
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Southern Mediterranean |
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stabilisation & association agreement | add explanation or use alternative:
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stakeholders | specify what groups are actually being consulted, e.g.:
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state aid | For non-experts:
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stocktaking | review |
subsidiarity (principle) | for non-experts add explanation, e.g.:
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Treaty of Rome | EU’s founding treaty |
TV without frontiers |
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Union | Not used in English as a synonym for EU. |
white paper | needs explanation, e.g.:
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wholesale energy markets | for non-experts add explanation:
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accounted for by the fact that | because |
a certain number of | some |
accordingly | so |
as of / as from | after since |
authentic | (recognised as the) official or autdorised version |
biannual / biennial | twice a year / every two years (biannual is almost always misused) |
bi‑weekly, bi‑monthly | twice a week / twice a month |
blue-sky thinking | clear/visionary thinking |
circa | about |
coherent | Means:
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come forward with | put forward |
concerning |
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consequently | so |
contextual help |
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de facto |
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due to the fact that | because |
electronically, by electronic means |
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eliminate | cut out |
employment opportunities | jobs |
ensure the universal availability of… | ensure that everyone has access to … |
ex post |
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ex post facto |
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for the purpose of | to |
for the reason that | because |
good governance | needs explanation:
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governance |
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grandfather (verb) | needs explanation:
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on condition that | if |
on the subject of | about |
open coordination (method of) | voluntary policy coordination by EU governments |
ordinary legislative procedure | needs explanation:
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owing to the fact that | because |
payment service providers | depending on context, say what is really meant, e.g.:
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points of fact and law | the facts of a case and how the relevant laws apply to them |
post hoc | after this |
precarious | unstable (employment) |
prejudice (without prejudice to, does not prejudge) |
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proactive |
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protocol | annex |
provided that | |
pursuant to | under |
pursuing non-economic activities | not in paid work |
regarding |
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relating to | on |
relationship | relations |
remunerated employment | paid work |
resources | (depending on context)
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scarcity | shortage |
specificities |
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sunset clause | clause put into agreements etc. to ensure they don’t run past a certain date |
synergy |
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tertiary education |
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the majority of | most |
thematic |
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thereby, therefore, thus |
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there is, there are |
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third countries |
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threshold |
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vade mecum |
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validate | confirm |
where/when | if |
within the framework of | under |
with reference to | about |
with regard to | about |
with respect to | on |
action(s) | If used with a meaning akin to scheme, measure or project, those latter are preferable. If you want to use action, then use in singular. | |
actor(s) | from the French acteurs interested group body organisation party participant interest interest group player those involved operator | |
actual | means real or true Don’t confuse with the French actuel, Dutch actueel, German aktuell, Italian attuale and Portuguese atual, which mean current or topical. | |
actually | In English, this is used to soften a contradiction - it does not mean now | |
assist at | means to help not to attend Don’t confuse with the French assister à and similar expressions in other Romance languages. |
control | means:1. to exercise power over/to be in charge or command of something. 2. to limit / to restrict something. Don’t confuse with the French contrôler, German kontrollieren and similar words in other languages. It doesn’t mean to audit, check, monitor or verify. |
delay | In English, if something is delayed, it means it is late, postponed or held up, i.e. the time limit has passed. Don’t confuse with the French délai, which refers to a period of time or a time limit or deadline. |
dispose of | means to get rid of something Don’t confuse with the French disposer de and similar expressions in other Romance languages. Disposer de means to have something or to be equipped with. |
elaborate | Don’t confuse with the French élaborer, which means to draft, draw up, prepare, produce, formulate, write up or develop. | |
element | Don’t confuse with the French element, which means part, constituent or component (of a structure/problem). In English, it is an essential or characteristic part of something abstract, or more specifically a chemical element or one of the four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. | |
envisage |
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euro area | eurozone (no capital) | |
eventual / eventually | means certainly or later on Don’t confuse with the French éventuellement and the German eventuell, which mean possibly. | |
exchange of experience |
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foresee(n) | means to predict or forecast the future, usually involving a crystal ball Don’t confuse with the French prévoir/ prévu and similar expressions in other Romance languages. The French terms are often used to refer to the provisions laid down in legislation. In this sort of context, the best straight equivalent is provide for. alternatives:
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global |
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informatic(s) |
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information | Unlike French, information in English is used in the singular only – a piece of information, some information |
level (e.g. at EU/national/regional level) | Don’t overuse. Useful alternatives are:
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premium (CAP) |
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project | The French projet does not always translate as project in English. For example, projet de budget means draft budget and projet de loi means bill or draft law. |
punctual / punctually | means on time; not sporadic, occasional or localised. Don’t confuse with the French ponctuel and the German punktuell. |
reinforce (strengthen) | Avoid overuse – from French renforcer
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report | Don’t confuse with the French reporter, which means to postpone to a later date, or to carry over money in accounts. |
respect | means to value or honour someone or something Don’t confuse with the French respecter, which means to meet (a deadline), observe (principles and rules), comply (with rules) or uphold. |
sensible | means reasonable Don’t confuse with the French sensible and the German sensibel, which mean sensitive. |
social |
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youth | alternatives:
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Often, the ‘EU aspect’ of terms related to the Commission’s activities is implicit. But needs to be made explicit for non‑expert audiences: acquis vs. body of EU law;
We've not included here the numerous Latin expressions that regularly turn up in Commission texts. Avoid them where at all possible.
But one person’s jargon is another person’s ordinary professional language. So use the words your target audience does.
if this is not the case | if not |
if this is the case | if so |
in case (that) | if |
inclusive | fair |
in order to | to |
in relation to | about |
instrument |
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inter alia |
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in the event of/that | if |
in the period 2006-2009 | in 2006-09 |
in toto |
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investing in human capital | say what is really meant:
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in view of the fact that |
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taxes on labour |
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