18.8.2015   

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

C 272/51

(1)

On 26 March 2010, the European Council agreed to the Commission's proposal to launch a new strategy for growth and jobs, Europe 2020, based on enhanced coordination of economic policies. The strategy focuses on the key areas where action is needed to boost Europe's potential for sustainable growth and competitiveness.

(2)

On 14 July 2015, the Council, on the basis of the Commission's proposals, adopted a Recommendation on the broad guidelines for the economic policies of the Member States and the Union and, on 21 October 2010, it adopted a decision on guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States (3). Together these form the ‘integrated guidelines’ which Member States were invited to take into account in their national economic and employment policies.

(3)

On 8 July 2014, the Council adopted a Recommendation (4) on France's National Reform Programme for 2014 and delivered its opinion on France's updated Stability Programme for 2014. On 28 November 2014, in line with Regulation (EU) No 473/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (5), the Commission presented its opinion on France's draft budgetary plan for 2015.

(4)

On 28 November 2014, the Commission adopted the Annual Growth Survey, marking the start of the 2015 European Semester for economic policy coordination. On the same day, on the basis of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011, the Commission adopted the Alert Mechanism Report, in which France was identified as one of the Member States for which an in-depth review would be carried out.

(5)

On 18 December 2014, the European Council endorsed the priorities for fostering investment, intensifying structural reforms and pursuing responsible growth-friendly fiscal consolidation.

(6)

On 26 February 2015, the Commission published its 2015 country report for France. This assessed France's progress in addressing the country-specific recommendations adopted on 8 July 2014. The country report also includes the results of the in-depth review under Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011. The Commission's analysis leads it to conclude that France is experiencing excessive macroeconomic imbalances which require decisive policy action and specific monitoring. In particular, in a context of low growth and low inflation, coupled with poor company profitability, and given the insufficient policy response so far, risks stemming from both cost and non-cost competitiveness and from high and rising indebtedness, in particular public debt, have increased significantly. The need for action to reduce the risk of adverse effects on the French economy and, given its size, on the economic and monetary union more widely, is particularly great.

(7)

On 30 April 2015, France submitted its 2015 National Reform Programme and its 2015 Stability Programme. In order to take account of their interlinkages, the two programmes have been assessed at the same time.

(8)

France is currently in the corrective arm of the Stability and Growth Pact. In its 2015 Stability Programme, the government plans to correct the excessive deficit by 2017, in line with the Council recommendation of 10 March 2015 and to reach the medium-term objective — a structural deficit of 0,4 % of GDP — by 2018 (6). While the government plans to respect the headline deficit targets set by the Council, the fiscal effort (7) planned over 2015-2017 is below the recommended level. In its 2015 Stability Programme the government expects the public debt-to-GDP ratio to peak at 97 % in 2016 before receding to 95,5 % of GDP in 2018. The macroeconomic scenario underpinning these budgetary projections is plausible. On 10 June 2015, France submitted a report on action taken providing further information on the measures planned over 2015-2017. Following its assessment of the report, the Commission issued a Communication on 1 July 2015 in which it considered that the excessive deficit procedure is to be held in abeyance. Based on the Commission's 2015 spring forecast updated to take into account the report on action taken submitted by France, the headline deficit for 2015 is projected at 3,8 % of GDP thereby respecting the target of 4 % of GDP set by the Council under the excessive deficit procedure. However, the fiscal effort expected for that year will be lower than the one recommended by the Council. Regarding 2016, taking into account the additional information included in France's report on action taken, the Commission's updated forecast foresees that the headline deficit will reach 3,4 % of GDP, in line with the recommended target. The fiscal effort recommended by the Council is however not expected to be delivered. The Council recommendation of 10 March 2015 called for an evaluation of the key measures planned for 2016 and 2017, which was not provided in the report on action taken.

Finally, the ‘loi de programmation des finances publiques’ was not updated as recommended by the Council. Overall, the consolidation strategy pursued by France relies primarily on the improving cyclical conditions and a continuation of the low interest rate environment and is therefore subject to risks. Based on its assessment of the Stability Programme, taking into account the Commission's 2015 spring forecast and the Commission Communication of 1 July 2015, the Council is of the opinion that France is broadly compliant with the provisions of the Stability and Growth Pact. However, in order to ensure a durable correction of the excessive deficit by the established deadline, the budgetary strategy would need to be reinforced and backed by the implementation of comprehensive and ambitious structural reforms.

(9)

It will be crucial to intensify spending reviews and identify large areas of expenditure cuts so that they can deliver the expected results. France should make sure that spending reduction targets take account of the close-to-zero rate of inflation. At the same time, the savings resulting from the lower than expected costs of the public debt due to lower interest rates should be channelled to reducing the deficit. In addition, sizeable short-term savings cannot be achieved without curbing significantly the increase in social security spending, which represented 26 % of GDP in 2014, accounting for nearly half of all public sector expenditure. Healthcare expenditure savings of EUR 11 billion are planned for 2015-2017, but further efforts are needed to limit expenditure increases in this area. In particular, there is scope to implement further cost-containment policies in the area of pharmaceutical prices and hospital spending. The pension system will continue to face deficits up to 2020 and previous pension reforms will not suffice to eliminate the system's deficit. In particular, schemes for state officials and employees of state-controlled companies continue to weigh on the overall pension deficit. Moreover, the macroeconomic situation has a large impact on the sustainability of the pension system, in particular the situation of complementary pension schemes. Decisive action is needed to restore the financial health of the complementary pension system.

(10)

France has undertaken a reform of local administration aimed at increasing the efficiency of the system. It should continue to implement the planned reduction in grants from central government and strengthen the control of local government expenditure, by capping the annual increase in local government tax revenue, taking into account existing ceilings on a number of local taxes. Action is also needed to contain the rise in the administrative costs of local authorities.

(11)

Policy measures have been taken to reduce labour costs and improve firms' profit margins through the EUR 20 billion tax credit for competitiveness and employment and the EUR 10 billion additional cuts in employers' social security contributions planned under the responsibility and solidarity pact. These two measures account for 1,5 % of GDP and should contribute to reducing the gap between France and the euro area average in terms of labour tax wedge. Implementation of these measures should continue in 2016 but, given their high cost for the public budget, it is important to assess their effectiveness at company level. This evaluation should take particular account of the rigidities affecting the labour and product markets, especially those affecting wages. The cost of labour at the minimum wage remains high compared with other Member States. The minimum wage should evolve in a manner that is more conducive for competitiveness and job creation. In addition, in a context of low inflation, its automatic indexation may lead to wage increases beyond what is necessary to preserve purchasing power.

(12)

France should take decisive action to remove the regulatory thresholds in labour law and accounting regulations that limit the growth of French firms, in particular SMEs. Overall, there is scope for increasing competition in the services sector, in particular in professional services, retail trade and network industries. A number of regulations and tariffs for regulated professions constrain economic activity. New measures for improving competition in legal professions have been adopted through the recent law on growth, economic activity and equal opportunities, and their implementation will be crucial to ensure that barriers are removed on the ground. France should also take action to remove barriers in other sectors, in particular the health sector. The numerus clausus principle for access to health professions is still hampering access to services and could be reviewed without jeopardising quality and safety.

(13)

In 2014, the tax-to-GDP ratio stood at 45,8 %, one of the highest in the Union. Corporate tax rates are high and weigh negatively on French companies' investment. The effective tax rate paid by a company on average stands at 38,3 %, among the highest in the Union. In addition to the ongoing phasing out of the solidarity surcharge on companies and the reduction in the statutory rate to 28 % in 2020, France should increase efforts in the short term to make corporate taxation conducive to growth and investment. Efforts are needed to simplify the tax system by removing inefficient taxes. Over 100 taxes have been identified as yielding little or no revenue and remove these could simplify procedures for companies and households.

(14)

The French unemployment rate remained high in 2014 and long-term unemployment deteriorated, reflecting poor economic growth. The overall unemployment rate stood at 10,2 %, as compared with 10,3 % in 2013 and 7,5 % in 2008, particularly hitting young people, older workers and the low-qualified. France suffers from labour market segmentation, with fixed-term contracts accounting for an increasing proportion of hires. Targeted efforts to reduce the level of segmentation, in particular through higher social contributions for very short-term contracts, have failed to curb this trend. Reviewing the legal framework governing labour contracts could help to reduce the segmentation. Recent reforms have created only limited scope for employers to depart from branch-level agreements through company-level agreements. This limits companies' ability to modulate the workforce according to their needs. Sectors and companies are given flexibility to determine case by case and after negotiations with social partners at which conditions working time should depart from 35 hours a week, but there are important cost implications. The law creating the accords de maintien de l'emploi has not brought the expected results. Very few companies have made use of the new arrangements for company-level agreements to increase the flexibility of working conditions. This scheme should be reviewed to give companies more scope to adapt wages and working time to their economic situation.

(15)

The long-lasting deterioration in the labour market has affected the unemployment benefit system, calling into question the sustainability of the model. The new convention on the unemployment benefit system introduced on 1 July 2014 is insufficient to reduce the deficit. The various measures introduced are expected to yield EUR 0,3 billion in savings in 2014 and a further EUR 0,8 billion in 2015. Nevertheless, the deficit of the system is still projected to rise from EUR 3,9 billion in 2014 to EUR 4,4 billion in 2015 leading to a further increase in the system's debt to EUR 25,9 billion. Structural measures are needed to ensure the viability of the system. In particular, eligibility conditions, the degressive structure of benefits and the replacement rates for workers with the highest wages should be reviewed between the social partners in charge of managing the system.

(16)

In the context of the European Semester, the Commission has carried out a comprehensive analysis of France's economic policy and published it in the 2015 country report. It has also assessed the Stability Programme and the National Reform Programme and the follow-up given to the recommendations addressed to France in previous years. It has taken into account not only their relevance for sustainable fiscal and socioeconomic policy in France but also their compliance with EU rules and guidance, given the need to strengthen the overall economic governance of the Union by providing EU-level input into future national decisions. The recommendations under the European Semester are reflected in recommendations (1) to (6) below.

(17)

In the light of this assessment, the Council has examined the Stability Programme, and its opinion (8) is reflected in particular in recommendation (1) below.

(18)

In the light of the Commission's in-depth review and this assessment, the Council has examined the National Reform Programme and the Stability Programme. Its recommendations under Article 6 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 are reflected in recommendations (1) to (6) below.

(19)

In the context of the European Semester, the Commission has also carried out an analysis of the economic policy of the euro area as a whole. On the basis of this analysis, the Council has issued specific recommendations addressed to the Member States whose currency is the euro (9). As a country whose currency is the euro, France should also ensure the full and timely implementation of these recommendations,

1.

Ensure effective action under the excessive deficit procedure and a durable correction of the excessive deficit by 2017 by reinforcing the budgetary strategy, taking the necessary measures for all years and using all windfall gains for deficit and debt reduction. Specify the expenditure cuts planned for these years and provide an independent evaluation of the impact of key measures.

2.

Step up efforts to make the spending review effective, continue public policy evaluations and identify savings opportunities across all sub-sectors of general government, including on social security and local government. Take steps to limit the rise in local authorities' administrative expenditure. Take additional measures to bring the pension system into balance, in particular ensuring by March 2016 that the financial situation of complementary pension schemes is sustainable over the long term.

3.

Ensure that the labour cost reductions stemming from the tax credit for competitiveness and employment and from the responsibility and solidarity pact are sustained, in particular by implementing them as planned in 2016. Evaluate the effectiveness of these schemes in the light of labour and product market rigidities. Reform in consultation with the social partners and in accordance with national practices, the wage-setting process to ensure that wages evolve in line with productivity. Ensure that minimum wage developments are consistent with the objectives of promoting employment and competitiveness.

4.

By the end of 2015, reduce regulatory impediments to companies' growth, in particular by reviewing the size-related criteria in regulations to avoid threshold effects. Remove the restrictions on access to and the exercise of regulated professions, beyond the legal professions, in particular as regards the health professions as from 2015.

5.

Simplify and improve the efficiency of the tax system, in particular by removing inefficient tax expenditure. To promote investment, take action to reduce the taxes on production and the corporate income statutory rate, while broadening the tax base on consumption. Take measures as from 2015 to abolish inefficient taxes that are yielding little or no revenue.

6.

Reform the labour law to provide more incentives for employers to hire on open-ended contracts. Facilitate take up of derogations at company and branch level from general legal provisions, in particular as regards working time arrangements. Reform the law creating the accords de maintien de l'emploi by the end of 2015 in order to increase their take-up by companies. Take action in consultation with the social partners and in accordance with national practices to reform the unemployment benefit system in order to bring the system back to budgetary sustainability and provide more incentives to return to work.